Extraversion on Academic Achievement in University Students

Extraversion on Academic Achievement in University StudentsUniversity fosters an environment encouraging both schoolman achievements and personal developments. Each individuals figure differs due to their choice of engagement in donnish and social events. As donnish events atomic number 18 still much than important in an academic institution, achieving excellence in academics should be the priority for every student. The choice of amour and degree of academic involvement whitethorn depend upon an individuals personality. Thus, the kin amongst personality traits and an individuals university academic achievement leave behind be examined. To be much specific, extroversion will be the target personality trait in this take a purpose.Extraversion is the independent variable in the body of work it refers to an individuals energy aim and playency to interact with others in a social setting (Costa McCrae, 1992).In this orbit, the Big-Five constitution Inventory which def ines human beings personality traits by five dimensions was utilise (Goldberg Rosolack, 1994). Extraverts tend to be social, talkative, and emotional. Introverts, on the other hand, are less emotional and more than than promising to stay al bingle (Costa McCrae).By reviewing the past studies, thither seemed to be more than one explanation in explaining the affinity in the midst of the to a richlyer place independent and dependent variables. However, they were non conflicting with all(prenominal) other. A figure of factors has been taken into account to thoroughly examine the impact of extraversion on an individuals academic achievement.For example, in 1966, Estabrook and Sommer (1966) conducted an early and material bodyic line of business. The precedes revealed that more extroversiveed students preferable to study in a leisure manner. For example, they liked to study in an informal space, such as on a bed or a couch. They in any(prenominal) case took frequent breaks and tended to study in a root word setting, spot the draw ins enjoyed the contrasting habits and settings (Estabrook Sommer). The final runs of the study revealed that the extraverts had a unkepter average compared to the introverts (Estabrook Sommer). It also further demonstrated that an individual with a soaring gearer match in extraversion had worse study habits, which might book carryd to its less able academic answerance in university.A similar study was conducted on the same topic but with a third variable involve-to doe with, top push through activating age (Beaulieu, 1991). This study examined the affinity between an individuals poll activating fourth dimension, extraversion/introversion and academic achievement. spinning top activation quantify is the time period in which, people tend to be more effectual in activities. Participants were a group of adults enrolled in a junior-level organizational carriage break away. Along with their ac ademic grades, a survey was also conducted to collect their extraversion piddle and residueing habits. As a result, it was clear that extraverts tended to go to sleep late and had a aggrandisement activation time at night, while the introverts preferred to sleep earlier and had a extremum activation time in the daytime (Beaulieu). Because most university courses are taken place in the day, the hypothesis predicted that introverts would do better than the extraverts presumption their daytime activation peak pattern. The result was consistent with the prediction extraverts had shorter academic scores than the introverts. However, there were findings that extraverts paying(a) less caution in academic activities, because they contributed more time act in social events attached their social and energetic nature. Less attention might be paid to daily academic activities.A late(a) study, conducted by Infant and Marin, investigated a pattern of un made Spanish students center on their personalities (2008). Here, unsuccessful students could be defined as students with scurvy averages, high breaking rates and potential to drop out. As discussed in the former two studies, Infant and Marin predicted that individuals gain ground high on extraversion would be likely to experience paltryer academic arrangeance given their ineffective study habits. Similarly, this study revealed that extraverts had a higher chance to experience neurosis, lack of motivation, and low conscientiousness, they were more likely to result in academic failure in university and be let pessimistic nearly their futurity. Thus, this result emphasizes upon the fact that an unsuccessful university students had a higher chance of being more extraverted. This study also illustrated a further family relationship between the two variables an extravert experienced poor academic results from their ineffective study habits, and these results could trigger the development of negative attit udes towards their future academic experiences in university.A recent meta-analysis found that the extraversion and wisdom are negatively correspond . Although the result exemplified no relationship between the two variables, there might be a potential correlation.Additionally, Morris and Carden (1981) examined the relationship between internal- external locus of control and extraversion-introversion. This study was conducted through gathering university undergrad students data. The group assignments were based on survey results that diverseiated the participants as external or internal locus of control and extraverts or introverts (Morris and Carden). These participants were then given out a test, and consequently their time spendt on the test and their boilers suit grades were recorded (Morris and Carden). Later a feedback was written by the students almost their facial expression on their overall grades. The results demonstrated that the extraverts were impulsive (more sat isfied or more unsatisfied in call of emotion like happiness or sadness) even when their grades were not necessarily lower or higher than others (Morris and Carden). In combination with the external-internal analysis, it was clear that an extravert with external locus of control tended to do the poorest of the four groups (Morris and Carden). This model suggested that participants high on extraversion tended to be more emotional in problem solving or critical situations. In addition, if exhausted participants had external locus of control in dealing with problems, they had a higher chance of doing poorly. Conversely, an introvert with an internal locus of control was more emotionally stable and more likely to believe in his or her own abilities.However, results were quite different when the students own locatings and grades were taken into account in rating the degree of their own success. Irfani (1978) developed hypothesis stating that a students perspective on his or her academi c performance would be influenced by their personality. It was time-tested through three different groups of participants assigned based on their personalities, extraversion, psychoticism and neuroticism (Irfani). These students were asked to answer a question that simply incumbent their answer nearly whether they categorize themselves as successful or unsuccessful with respect to their academic performance (Irfani). Extraversion ratings seemed to affect the rating of academic success the most. A bouffant number of extroverts in all three groups rated themselves as academically successful (Irfani) as they might have been more impulsive or so their achievements. Thus the result supported the hypothesis to some degree. One could intermit from the result that an extrovert might view himself or herself as successful even when they are not. This conclusion also supported Morris and Cardens (1981) look into that idicated extroverts had the design to be more emotional in performin g academic activities. Moreover, this research also demonstrated that an extroverts perception and satisfaction derived from academic performance whitethorn encourage them in continuing their study habits, and thus less likely to view as improvements in the future due to constant inefficiency. This could be some other reason why the extroverts have a higher chance of doing poorer than the introverts do academically.In conclusion, students scoring high on the extraversion test may perform poorer than those who score low on extraversion. This result commode be explained by a combination of factors. From the literature reviews collected on this topic, an extravert tends to be social, energetic, and easy-satisfied, which may contribute to their poor academic performance through their peak activation time at night and ineffective and inactive studying habits. In addition, extraverts high emotional levels may increase their design to be impulsive in reacting towards both successfu l and unsuccessful events. Thus, these factors unitedly may make them less capable of handling university academic flavor successfully. Therefore, the hypothesized result is that students who score high on extraversion test will have less successful academic performance than those who score low on the test and vice versa.In this study, the Big-Five personality test will be employed to measure the independent variable, and only the extraversion split will be apply to calculate the score. An extrovert will by nature receive a higher score on the test, while an introvert will get a lower result. The questionnaire and the scoring keys used in this study are attached in the addendum B and C (John Srivastava, 1999). Moreover, the dependent factor of this study is an individuals academic achievement, which is measured by his or her cumulative average from eldest year. In order to maximize reliability of data and avoid skewness, only first-year students will be sampled since their courses are mostly compulsory.MethodParticipantsThe sample were composed of 36 undergraduate students from the University of Hesperian Ontario (UWO), ranging from the age of 18 to 27 (M=20.64, SD=1.76). This group of participants was randomly selected at UWOs University society Centre (UCC) from 1200 to 1500 and from 2100 to 2300. In addition, research worker employed the method of convenience sampling in approaching participants and requesting for their cooperation and fulfilment of the questionnaires. However, this sampling method did provide a perfect random selection, so the results might be confounded as students choices of expiration to the UCC in the selected periods may be highly dependent on their personalities. Thus the problem of generalization might appear in this study. For compensation, a more distributive sample was taken as the result of going for participant in large time gap. That is, going for individuals randomly, trying to avoid large group which would res ult in a similar personality and grade.Materials initiatory, participants will be required to complete a Demographic Questionnaire (See appendix A). This form contains items relevant to a students personal background, such as age, gender, ethnic background, birthplace, and average grade of each participants first year courses. First year average was selected as a measure of academic achievement. This was to reduce the external variable by control the course selection Most first year courses are compulsory. Therefore, there would be less freedom for participants to pick easy or intriguing courses that may vary the average too much.Then personalities of these participants was assessed through their mop up of the Big-Five-Inventory (BFI) forms, which contain 44 items and eight extraversion items will be used in this study (John Srivastava, 1999). For each item, a score of 1 to 5 was used as 1 being strongly disagree and 5 being strongly agree. The scoring key is provided in Append ix C for interpretation of items used. Also this study was completed by paper and pencil and within approximately 15 minutes. For this questionnaire, the extraversion part has a score of 40 being highest on extraversion and 8 being last on extraversion.ProcedureThis survey was conducted on a one-to-one earth at the first floor of UCC. All participants was approached randomly. Although there was no time limit, it should be completed within 15 minutes.Verbatim Instruction was given to participants as the researcher approaches them (see Appendix D). Followed by this, participants was given the Letter of study and Consent (see Appendix E). Then they filled out the Demographic Questionnaire (see Appendix A), which contain the studys first variable their first years averages. Immediately upon finis of this form, participants was asked to read instructions on the BFI (John Srivastava, 1999) form and rank all the necessary items. After this stage, data for the second variable, the ext raversion score, was collected (see Appendix B).Finally, query Form (see Appendix F) was given to the participants, while the researcher verbally asked if there are any questions or concerns. After being debriefed, all participants was thanked for their cooperation.ResultsThe content and standard deviations for two variables, the first year averages and the extraversion scores are shown in Table 1.Table 1Descriptive Statistics for two variables involved in the researchVariable M SDExtraversion Score 27.25926 4.40202First Year Average 77.22222 6.680937A bivariate correlational design was used in order to determine if extraversion and academic achievement were cor cerebrate significantly. An alpha of .05 was used.The Pearson Product Moment coefficient was used in this research for the relationship between extraversion scores and first year averages. The results showed a relatively significant correlation between these two variables (r = -.48359, r2 = 0.23386, p Later, a throwback analysis was conducted, the formula of the regression line was obtained ( y = -.73396x + 97.2294, Appendix H). render 1 shows the graph of this regression lineFigure 2The chart of the Regression Analysisy = -.73396x + 97.2294These results was able to provide a satisfactory amount of evidence to support the hypothesis that extraversion is negatively related to academic achievement. That is, individuals scoring low on extraversion tend to perform better academically and vice versa. The summary data is shown in Appendix I.DiscussionThis study hypothesized that students scoring low on extraversion ordered series tend to have high academic achievement. This hypothesis was based on preceding studies that indicated that extraversion correlates with academic achievement negatively. This finding was illustrated in different ways.For, example, Estabrook and Sommers (1966) study addressed this problem by explaining the basis of education, a students study habits. In this study, students scoring high on extraversion showed relatively poor behaviors comparing to what students scoring low on extraversion did. This finding may explain from the foundation why extraversion might correlate with academic achievement. That is, if a student does not study in an efficient way, the result may be poorer than that of those students with good study habits. This study demonstrated a possible explanation for this problem, but it did not address the reason why study habit is correlated with extraversion, nor did it give any cues about the directionality of this correlation.In addition, there are other studies addressing this problem from different perspectives. Peak activation time was another point studied in this area. Beaulieu (1991) time-tested to examine the relationship students peak activation time and their extraversion scores. The results showed that students scoring high on extraversion might have a peak activation time at night. Relating back to authors study, this find ing may suggested that as most of the courses are taking in day time, students scoring high on extraversion may not do well in them because of their peak activation time.Another study on this problem was conducted by Morris and Carden (1981). It provided another explanation on this problem. That is, students scoring high on extraversion may overestimate their academic results. For example, they may feel satisfied about their mark more easily than those students scoring low on extraversion scale may. Due to this, they may not try to compensate an academic failure about which they consider only as an occasion.As what previous studies have predicted, this study generated a significant result that students scoring high on extraversion may do poorer in their academic field. The reasons for this result may be a combination of different reasons.In university, students have to regulate themselves to adapt the pace of the courses they have taken. This is, developing a document that fits the university life. Academic results can be highly influenced by a students study habits. In this case, students scoring high on extraversion may not have a standard study habit for university life. Therefore, they may have some problems in different academic activities, like note-taking, reviewing, going to class regularly etc.In addition, when they constantly receive their academic feedback, they may be emotional oriented to swerve their failure as not so important to them. As the result, not much improvement can be obtained in it. Moreover, as they have rationalized their behaviors, they may not contribute the poor result to personal reasons. That is, they are less likely to swop their study habits to improve their mark.Another reason was related to the peak activation time. The students scoring high on extraversion have a peak activation time later in the day. This means, they may not perform their best during a ballpark daytime course or exam. At the same time, as with a peak activation time at night, many social activities can draw their attention from their academic interests. For example, going to a club or bar is a very common leisure activity for university students. As so, an even worse condition may be produced for the next day as the result of over participate in a leisure activity at night. When the author was distributing the survey, he asked some general questions about the students nightlife after finishing the questionnaire. There was a general trend that whatever personality the students have, nowadays going to a club or a bar is a huge part in university life. Thus, although not included in this study, the topic about the relationship between the nightlife and academic achievement is worth studying on.Another evoke finding was that a student who scored high on extraversion contributed the highest academic score. At the same time, the student who scored low on extraversion had the concluding academic score among all the participants. Thi s may be due to the sample-size in the study. They can be viewed as outstanding results, not concluding any generality in the study. However, it can also be explained in terms of the limitation of this study. As this study merely generate a relationship between academic achievement and extraversion. The major of the students were not taken into account. Considering about different majors, different personality may fit differently. For example, a major involved many social tasks may be well fitted with extraversion personality. That is, as the students scoring high on extraversion are more sociable, they may be easier to communicate their opinions and participate in activities like showing and election. This may need further analysis in order to rationalize the findings.Another limitation is that the time was set only at twelve noon in UCC. This setting was for both the convenience and availability of maximum participants. However, as mentioned above, students scoring high on extr aversion may have a peak activation time at night this may make them prefer more to night-class. In addition, many students may not come to UCC regularly regardless of their personality. Therefore, this study did not have an equal luck for its participant selection.Furthermore, as considering about the setting of the questionnaire, the academic achievement share merely required one average for the students performance. This may rule out the differences in course difficulty and major module. It cannot generalize that each score obtained was based on a same standard. Thus, the study may fail to make a wide generalization on this topic.In addition, although the first year average required was to minimize the difference in course selection, for the students from higher grades, it may be difficult to call back the exact marks. In this situation, as the author required, they may make up one mark from their false memory or remember it less accurately.Overall, this study was to help on th e understanding of study behaviors. The results from the study yielded a statistical significance. Extraversion was found to be negatively related to academic achievement. As there are several limitations in this study, further research should be taken to make a more generalize conclusion.

Effects of the Expansion of Starbucks

Effects of the Expansion of Starbucks1. Background informationStarbucks has spread out quick since 1995. Yet, as a matter of the sparing crisis causing a mitigate in sales, Starbucks was force to offspring measures that enable it to cope with this economic crisis. (Jannarone, J. June 14 2010)2. Effect of Starbucks expanding2.1 Effect on the PPF(Production Possibilities Frontier) rick Starbucks has expanded at a very fast browse, adding stores in the US at an annual rate of 27% from 1995 to 2005.( Jannarone, J. June 14 2010)This would cause the PPF(Production Possibilities Frontier) slue ball for the goods of Starbucks to shift outwards as shown in the plat below due(p) to the increase in the measuring stick of resources be throw away into the resultion of goods since stores argon categorize under cap resources.(Assume that Starbucks produce only devil goods, hot chocolate berry and cake)2.2 Effect on the food market demand and egress deflectThe expansion as well as caused the supply curve of the goods of Starbucks to shift to the right due to the increase in the number of suppliers (shops). This has resulted in an increase in supply of the goods of Starbucks. The equilibrium market worth would deterioration while the equilibrium quantity would increase as shown in the diagram below. The blue thin lines indicate the equilibrium hurt and quantity.Q-quantity, P- outlay, E-equilibrium point, S-supply3. Market grammatical construction of Starbucks The market structure that Starbucks is direct in is oligopoly. The following argon the reasons which superstar to the conclusion.3.1 Number of sellers in the marketStarbucks is a large firm run in a many different countries. It supplies most of the speciality coffee in the world. There are also very few competitors much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as MacDonald and Coffee Bean which are competing with Starbucks for its customers whom are mainly favourable working professionals.3 .2 Substantial barriers to entry for late firmsIt is very strong for a newcomer to set up a speciality coffee set up in the world as cost is very high. For example, advertising the new coffee product would take a huge total of money. Researching and flood tide up with a new coffee product may take years and cost about a few one thousand million to a billion dollars. Moreover it is very hard for newcomers to compete for customers with ceremonious firms kindred Starbucks as these firms already fuddle an established brand name. As such customers would rather drink the coffee at these firms instead of others as they desire the fiber of the coffee there.3.3 Mutual interdependenceSome of the actions taken by Starbucks competitors depend on the actions taken by Starbucks. It means that firms in an oligopoly exhort the effects of its own behaviour on the other firms behaviour. For example as a result of Starbucks having espresso-based drinks, McDonald decided to launch espresso- based drinks too. (Jannarone, J. June 14 2010)3.4 Type of oligopolyStarbucks is a differentiated oligopolist due to the feature that evidence in the newspaper articles seems to put forward this. For example McDonald has launched espresso-based drinks but this has hardly affected Starbucks sales. (Jannarone, J. June 14 2010). This is due to the item that Starbucks espresso-based drinks may have different physical qualities such as a better taste compared to the ones offered by McDonald. Therefore Starbucks is likely to be little sensitive to any value agitates of its competitors products as the products it offers are different compared to its competitors products.4. demeanor of StarbucksStarbucks consecrates non-price competition which means that it designs itself to increase its share of the market without changing the price of its products. This feces be seen from the fact that when McDonald launched espresso-based drinks, Starbucks sales at stores swung positive in the pa st several months even though it did not accrue the price of its products. (Jannarone, J. June 14 2010) Here are some of the possible ways Starbucks practice non-price competition finished product differentiation.4.1 Physical differencesStarbucks products are of better quality compared to its competitors. An example could be that Starbucks espresso-based drinks have a better taste compared to McDonald coffee. This can be seen from the fact that even though McDonald launched espresso-based drinks in 2009, Starbucks sales at stores swung positive in the past several months. (Jannarone, J. June 14 2010).This shows that generally Starbucks products are of better quality compared to its competitors products.4.2 LocationStarbucks outlets are normally located at areas where the competitors outlets are not located. This can be seen from the fact hardly 23% of US Starbucks locations have a McDonalds outlets within a quarter-mile radius. (Jannarone, J. June 14 2010)This makes it difficult for their regular customers and even future customers to switch to other alternatives.4.3 Product assureStarbucks has also fostered in people mind that it provides coffee that is of the highest quality. This is done through advertising.4.4 Reasons for Starbucks behaviourStarbucks is doing this as it does not want to have a price competition with its competitors. This is because if a price war occurs, Starbucks would be forced to start out the prices of its products, causing the price to be lower than the bare(a) cost of producing severally of its products. This would cause it to lose a lot of revenues and the fall revenue take in may be much lower compared to the total cost incurred. As such Starbucks would be operating at a loss and aptitude even close slash.5. Effect of economic recession on Starbucks5.1 Income picnic of customers of StarbucksStarbucks customers demand for the goods of Starbucks is income elastic. This is because during the economic recession where many o f Starbucks customers suffer a drop-off in their incomes, sales of Starbucks goods began to weaken, resulting in a 9% lessening. (Cain Miller, C. January 28, 2009)It came to the point where Starbucks was forced to retrench. (Jannarone, J. June 14 2010) As such in conclusion, the absolute value of the income press stud of demand of customers of Starbucks for the goods of Starbucks is above 1.This shows that customers of Starbucks are very responsive to any change in their income in their demand for Starbucks goods. As a result, the demand curve for Starbucks goods would shift to the left by a lot.5.2 Starbucks closing down storesStarbucks has unappealing down 300 stores, causing about 700 of its employees to lose their jobs in 2009. (Cain Miller, C. January 28, 2009)This is because in the short-run, at the point of output where the marginal revenue is equal to the marginal cost, the price per output of Starbucks is below the average covariant star cost. As such Starbucks is not able to cover part of its variable be and its total fixed cost. Therefore Starbucks loss would be part of its variable costs that it is not able to cover and its total fixed cost if it decides to restrain on production. barely if Starbucks shut down its stores, its loss would be just the total fixed cost. Therefore to minimize loss, Starbucks has decided to close down some of its stores.Starbucks PPF(production possibilities frontier)curve would shift inward as the quantity of resources macrocosm put into the production of its goods is decreased since retrenching will reduce the amount of labour being employed and closing down stores would reduce the amount of capital being put into the production of Starbucks goods. This can be seen from the diagram.(Assume Starbucks produce only two goods, coffee and cake)5.3 Effect of recession on demand for Starbucks goodsIn the starting line quarter of 2008, Starbucks revenue has decreased from $2.77 billion to about $2.6 billion and sales at Starbucks stores decreased by about 9% (Cain Miller. January 28, 2009). This is due to the fact of expectations of its customers. Starbucks customers expect their money income to decrease as a result of the economic recession. As a result, they would buy less of Starbucks goods as a result of their anticipation of a decrease to their money income. This would cause the demand curve for Starbucks goods to shift to the left, resulting in a decrease in the equilibrium price and quantity.5.4 Starbucks visitting down on costStarbucks also has tried to cut down on cost. This include bleak down on variable costs such as reducing the salaries of employees such as Mr.Schultz , cutting down on fixed costs by renegotiating prices with landlords and suppliers. (Cain Miller, C. January 28, 2009). This would cause the supply curve of Starbucks to shift to the right as a result of the decrease in resource price such as labour, as a result of this, market equilibrium price would decrease and t he equilibrium quantity would increase due to decrease in the cost of production. Starbucks is doing this so as to reduce its total cost by about $400 million to $500 million. (Cain Miller, C. January 28, 2009).This also has enabled Starbucks to increase its operating profit margins from 0.6% to about 4.5 % (Cain Miller, C. January 28, 2009). such measures has enabled Starbucks to increase its (total revenues-total cost) difference. As such gap between total revenues curve and total cost curve would be larger due to the decrease in cost.6. Conclusion6.1 Economic profitsStarbucks is an oligopolist it would in the long-run have an economic profit due to substantial barriers to entry such as a high start up costs and the presence of established brand names. As a result, lesser firms would enter the market that Starbucks is operating in. Lesser number of Starbucks customers would get snatched away, therefore demand for Starbucks goods would not cut by a lot, as such Starbucks would st ill earn an economic profit6.2 Allocative efficiencyStarbucks cannot attain allocative efficiency as the price of its goods are larger compared to the marginal cost associated with producing that good. This show that consumers are paying an amount that is larger compared to the additional cost of producing a unit of Starbucks good. Therefore consumers would be better off if Starbucks produce much of its goods.6.3 Challenges approach by StarbucksStarbucks faced a declining demand for its goods as consumers now prefer healthier drinks. However Starbucks emphasizes on milky, sugary drinks, hurting its image as an authentic coffee house. (January 28, 2009)This would result in Starbucks demand curve shifting to the left due to the taste and preferences of consumers, resulting in the decrease of equilibrium price and quantity.Starbucks has also expanded by a lot this has resulted in it experiencing diseconomies of scale as more layers of management are needed to coordinate the Starbucks operations. This would result in a higher cost for Starbucks as a larger amount of resources is take to coordinate and manage resources such as labour.Starbucks may have also experienced the law of diminishing returns which is as more and more variable inputs are added into the fixed resource of Starbucks such as its stores, marginal product of the additional variable input would ultimately decline due to over-crowding and crowding. This is shown when the marginal physical product curve is decreasing from its maximum point. This would also result in it experiencing increasing marginal costs as shown in the diagram. This is shown by the marginal cost curve increasing from its minimum point.6.4 Starbucks strategiesStarbucks has shown that it is overt of adapting to situations. For example, during the economic recession, it cut down on cost. It also attempted to pull back more customers and retain existing ones by giving special offers such as giving loyalty cards that provide disc ounts and coming up with breakfast combination meals. (Cain Miller, C. January 28, 2009).Starbucks has also attempted to widen its market stress by opening new stores in new markets such as China. Many of those stores have matured and operating profits could soon be earned from them. (Jannarone, J. June 14 2010)To cut down on cost as well as diseconomies of scale, it also has shut down 300 stores. (Cain Miller, C. January 28, 2009)6.5 future of StarbucksStarbucks has proven itself to be capable of adapting to situation while attempting to take the opening in taking advantage of new opportunities. This shows that despite challenges such as declining demand for its products, Starbucks is still capable of remaining competitive.

Definition of assessment

Definition of appraisal judgement is the foundation of the loving sprain process with service physical exertionrs (Walker and Beckett, 20036). Why is judgement a crucial boldness of the hearty ferment process and what makes an utile fond fix mind? What might be some of the barriers to an affective estimation and how put up the role player overcome these? In your answer, you occupy be expected to refer to applic fitted research regarding social litigate discernment. kind histrions be expected to conceptualize bug out an initial assessment of situations they encounter before taking action. These atomic outcome 18 historic because they endure the foundation for each plans to support, protect, manage or provide aid for a thickening. In a nutshell, an assessment is simply convocation information about throng, their situation, factors deemed relative to that situation, and integrating this into a formal report, which result be used to look top on when carr ying out a review. This go a appearance non only provide a steadying elbow room for the social subjecter to quickly reacquaint themselves when looking back on a family, but it entrust likewise eachow some other work staff to countenance a gist of the situation if they atomic number 18 overture into it for the first judgment of conviction.For an effective assessment it meshs some nonp aril with an organised, rational and free mind knowledge base, using these to compliment a number of unique skills they will withstand, enabling them to come to grasps with the varied number of situations they will face and an world power to be sensitive to those involved.It is expected of social work graduates to insure entirely(a) the legal documentations issued by work bodies (such as the Department of Health), for these will embarrass necessary road maps on assessment and how and when to act. However, simply knowing these will non cut it, and those who ar inexperienced will s imply be able to regurgitate back what they incur watch overt without knowing the true art of carrying out their work. An assessment is much than simply do notes on whizzs observations, for it accommodates the players opinions, beliefs and ideas, which will be essential when carrying out interjections. They ar not to be confused with valuations, although they do contain evaluative sectors, for specimen determining a knobs conks. Unlike evaluations however, assessments atomic number 18 open to more probing and study, which make them more effective tools for reservation a decision.For the social prole to be able to make their assessment successful, they will privation to experience they tail fully appreciate a) all factors that affect the client and b) which of the clients wishings be not organism met. To do this they will need to establish the type of person their client is, for drill how they communicate with others, how they react to stress, how they mounta in with puzzles etc.It is important for the social doer to know which bits of information are relevant, and rather than find out everything they gutter (scatter gun mode) they pick out those bits which will serve to help them later. If they quest too more questions it will lead to general misinterpretations, practically a common mistake in those just starting social work habituate.One must understand that views will be different, and that other work forces, agencies or blush individuals will draw out their accept findings for a baptistery. This makes it difficult to assume any kind of truth in an assessment, since what 1 invites depends on where maven looks. (Jones 1983) some other(prenominal) caper assessors face is that thither is practically the case of clients scapegoating or stigmatising based on a negative assessment. sociable workers are aware that they are held accountable for any action they make, and so if they make an error in the assessment that could bring up costly to a families support, thence they whitethorn be faced with court proceedings.In actuality, assessments are by no means a quick process. It is much the case that work staff are met with the stress of having to cope with busy offices, legion(predicate) phone calls and masses of paper work. Stress brush aside affect workers in any number of slipway, but the biggest concern is that it apprize lead to nonperformance such as making quick, inaccurate assessments because there is no conviction to meet the demands of the office. on that point is, however, a way of preventing these difficulties and that is to employ a method referred to as triangulation. This is done by drawing comparisons from other groups to find similarities amongst information gathered. In addition to this, it whitethorn canvas assistive to discuss the assessment with clients themselves, for this will not only improve the accuracy of the assessment but will also create a sense of assumption a nd warmth between client and worker.In spite of triangulation mistakes are palliate inevitable. Possibly the most common mistake would be to apply a one sided attitude towards people and/or situations. An example would be of a social worker looking at an argumentative couple beholding things only from either the cont ringlet wife point of view, or the perfidious husband point of view. For this reason it is essential for the social worker to make for in other colleagues so as to form a multidisciplinary assessment. preferably than relying on one mans opinion, by working as a team, members may gain further insight into the caper at hand and observations may be brought to the table that otherwise would defend gone unnoticed. However, the use of quaternary assessments is problematic in that the social worker will grow to good deal with multiple theories. This may lead to conflicts and confusions over the correct path to follow.Because of the sentence constraints on social wo rk practice, alternative methods founder been introduced to take away(predicate) some of the pressures. Self assessments for example are often carried out when dealings with younger clawren. It is seen as a fun learning experience and will tell staff workers much about that child. Self assessments will collect of numerous exercises, such as multiple choice questionnaires, rating scales, producing stories, drawings of themselves, and/or their families. Adults often prefer this method as it allows them to use their own quarrel rather than being misinterpreted.Another alternative is computer aided assessments. These have long been used in other fields such as medicine in clubhouse to make quick diagnoses. They are helpful in that they save cartridge clip, and contrasted humans do not pull up stakes or make errors. It is as simple as loading in all the variables, and allowing the computer to calculate the most promising outcome and indeed the best form of action. However, co mputers are unable to process social, emotional, or psychological factors and so can often fail to spot key issues. The use of computers is therefore limited.Recently, there have been movements in practice theory, the most important of which is a strikingr emphasis on the influences of powerlessness, prejudicial views, discriminatory acts and oppression. In addition, workers are starting to develop a more constructionist way of bring forwarding. This includes see beliefs and ideas not as relying on the influence of the environment around those who hold said beliefs and ideas, rather them being constructed by individual people whilst they hold forth and respond to one anothers presence.It is this constructionist way of thinking where many theories on assessment begin. In the past 3 years it was found, through reviews from service users, that many were unsatisfied with the assessment process. One rising concern was that a large number of social workers were failing to conduct rea ssessments. It seems that they only look at certain information in order to confirm their theories and therefore failure many important items. This is a critical point because assessments are the backside for all further work. An error here would be damaging for the all investigation.Even when a reassessment is make, there lock up re importants the problem of prioritising key areas of richness. If this is done shoddily then there is risk of the assessment giving off misrepresentations when conducting an evaluation. To prevent this, there are three areas that it is suggested the social worker start by looking at. These are straggleing where the client is, focussing on meeting the clients take legal considerations, which should be made known to the client and health or safety concerns, for if there are any risks to the client then they must be informed. (Hepworth and Dean 2006)Another important issue assorts to the production of a culturally competent assessment. The social wor ker must therefore demonstrate knowledge of cultural norms, acculturation, and voice colloquy differences, the ability to differentiate between individual and culturally linked attributes, the opening move to seek out needed information so that evaluations are not biased and services are culturally appropriate and an understanding of the ways that cultural differences may reveal themselves in the assessment process. (Hepworth and Dean 2006)There are numerous differences between cultures when it comes to forms of, for example disciplining younger family members, selecting the most dominant allele group member, aiding those unable to manage for themselves, how to address one another, and many others. And because of these differences, the social worker must be wary when considering things such as what is seen as recipe demeanour in children with autism? What is seen as a healthy arrive of sex in afro Caribbean tribe members? At what age is a child believed to reach maturity in Chi na, Africa, Asia etc? The list is endless. Patterns of behaviour which may step up dysfunctional in one culture may be considered normal to another. It is important that social workers have knowledge of their clients background and if not then research it. For an error made may aggravate or tease them.It can be hard to define exactly what an assessment is, who it is mean for, and the reason it needs to be carried out. Pincus and Minaham (1973) therefore developed a exemplification framework with the specific aim being to help social workers key out the reasons for their involvement, the expected goals and outcomes, which persons fit the role of agent and which fit the role of client, what needs to be stay freshed and what needs to be managed.Pincus and Minaham labelled three kinds of imagination system which people will have contact with during their lives and four subroutine systems which summarise what is occurring. The improvements of a systems near are many. Firstly, i t helps the social worker to understand a situation in such a way it gives agnize definitions of those involved and how they are linked to one another. Secondly, aims and goals are absorbly naturalised early on, which helps them create a formal plan with their client and also helps both parties follow any progress made. Thirdly, it removes some of the burden of work off of the social workers back, knowing that not everything depends on their selves. It also helps them to see which areas may take the most work, and which may be met with more conflict. This will help them plan their time and resources irrespectively, know when and where they should be, and how much of their attention is mandatory at any time. By doing this, the social worker is less likely to exclude important responsibilities, or focus too much on only one aspect. Upon evaluation of the system, if for any reason another worker sees something they wish to add, remove or assortment, then this can be balmy done wi th bitty time consumption. It is not unlikely that things may change at a later date, for example red-hot clients may need to be added to the system, or new tar travels to be met. Peoples needs are not immutable and are always changing. The social worker must neck this and be able to identify any changes, and adjust so as to fit them into the system.There are also certain disadvantages of a systems approach. Firstly, although it helps to maintain the flow of activities, it will not provide tolerable understanding of a persons life without the addition of other approaches. Alone, the model is too general, and does not include a great deal of information about the relevant difficulties being assessed. Secondly, despite all its hype about ordering data, the systems approach does not maintain that data should be collected to begin with. Furthermore, it fails to recognise the importance of existing beliefs about human behaviour, so is basically starting from chalk each time. Thirdly , the natural urge to focus primarily on the clients illness, with little attention being paid on their wellness can often lower their sprits and remove their hopes of ever finding a solution to their problem.As a social worker making an assessment, it helps to understand that, since external problems compose internal, and the internal affects the external, looking at just the social aspects will prove inadequate, just as looking at just the psychological aspects is inadequate.(Milner and OByrne 1998) We need to look at both, and use various approaches to complement one another.Assessments need to draw in help from psychiatrists and psychologists, those skilled at exploring the unconscious. For it may be the case that the client has certain unresolved issues that may be of relevance. A problem workers face is that the id is like a cavern, in that it is made up of large numbers of interrelated passages. Some will affect others, eon others will come to a dead end. And everything ins ide that cavern is underground away from the outside world and is immune to any happenings beyond its entrance. Applying a psychodynamic approach as it were is advantageous because it is able to explain away what appears to be irrational behaviour. As I explained, many of a persons difficulties may not be explicit and observable. Many individuals use defence mechanisms as a way of hiding their emotions. And so by combining aspects of psychology (cognitive, psychoanalytic, human-centred etc.) it will allow the worker to delve deep into their clients in-personity and learn more about their associations with the world around them.This approach has imposed a caring, considering, communicative attitude amongst assessment workers and gets them to gain more of an emphatic family with their clients. Rather than applying a tick box assessment and using the comparable objurgate of questions for each person, the worker now has a set of guideline questions allowing them to go off on a tang ent basing each new question on the previous answer.The psychodynamic approach does indeed contribute greatly to the advances in social work assessment however it has a number of issues of concern. First and foremost, the main interest is on the individual and so social factors are often neglected or disregarded. Secondly, abnormal human behaviour or behaviour that does not fit with the norms of society is grounds for a referral. Homosexuality for example is put down to Oedipal conflicts, homosexuals are not hardened as a typical male and this causes much oppression and discrimination. Furthermore, the guidelines for communication are based on a middle class Caucasic male. Although certain groups will see equal gain from this method of practice there are many from other cultures that will react differently. And so to make an effective assessment the social worker must be able to relate their skills across cultures.Thirdly, when dealing with children, psychoanalysis may prove ineff ective or even destructive. For example in cases of child evil the sexual wants of an adult are transferred into the childs want for their parents. The child becomes the culprit and the infernal is put towards the mother for being neglectful.When it comes to the ideas of Freud, the population of workers is split, half of them opposing solely and half of them supporting entirely. As with all other approaches, the psychodynamic approach deeds best when in conjunction with others.An assessment which includes a descriptive evaluation of client behaviours will prove more effective than one without because the worker is then able to look at how those behaviours have come to be part of their clients being and wherefore they continue to exist. Behavioural assessments see behaviours as being learned, and therefore can be unlearnt through training. All behaviours have an underlying cause the point of the assessment is to therefore find the travel plan of the problem and find ways to neg ate its effects. There are often however misinterpretations. For example, what is a negative reward? (strengthening a concomitant behaviour by removal of something undesirable). Punishment is not a negative reinforcer although it is associated with something undesirable. But rather than extinguish the problematic behaviour, it is often the case that it causes resistance. And so the behaviour has become strengthened.The problem is that there are no clear definitions of positive and negative reinforcers, seeing as what is considered desirable or aversive will vary between people. What may be pain to one man may be seen as a challenge to another who will welcome it. To work around this social workers must ensure they work with their client to place what they perceive as basically in force(p) or bad. It is important the worker be consistent when making visits (reassessments), for example if they always exercise up at a foster theme when they get a call the child is misbehaving, ye t they rarely turn up when the child is behaving reasonably they may inadvertently be making their misbehaviour more appealing.Many behaviours, be they positive or negative, helpful or hindering, are learned during the course of life and are influenced by our life experiences. Behaviourists believe that when conducting an assessment it is important for the worker to understand where problem behaviours have come from and what reasons there are for their manifestation. Once the underlying routes have been established the worker then helps the client to unlearn those behaviours and get back on track to healthy living. An effective assessment is therefore one that considers the ABCs the antecedents, behaviours and the consequences. Anything that causes the unwanted behaviour should be removed, whereas anything that promotes desired behaviours should be encouraged. The client should then learn to associate these positive behaviours with pleasant experiences this way they will want to rep eat them. Assessments should look at a clients history thoroughly. It is easy to miss parts out, yet everything needs to be examined for even something on the face of it irrelevant may hold the key to a persons problem. Of course it is chimerical to look at absolutely every aspect of a persons life, curiously the elderly who have an extremely long history to cover. And so it has been argued that behavioral approaches lack validity and are unattainable.This aside the behavioural approach is still useful because it provides clear definitions of the aims, goals and the plans for intervention. Furthermore, the approach, more so than other approaches motivates the client to have a say in the overall structure of the assessment. Sheldon (1982) believes there is the advantage that it does not manipulate the data in any way so that the client can be placed in a particular category or theory. People are seen as individuals, individual factors are considered, and client perspectives are u sed to shape the approach.Task centred theory makes a good starting point for new workers because it is possibly the simplest approach. Assessments can at times be overcomplicated and so it may do workers good to sometimes go back to basics and look at the most diaphanous action to take. Actions should depend upon ones values rather than any policy one is obligated to follow. Previous experience should be used to improve practice, even the negative ones. Difficulties are inevitable but they will only get worse if the worker continues to make the same mistakes again and again. When there is time pressure to get a job done, rather than crumble the worker should use the pressure as motivation to get things done efficiently. That way they will have to make fewer reassessments.The first task is to determine their clients needs (what it is they want). The next step is convincing the client to accept ones help, first off recognising they have needs and secondly wanting to do something ab out it. Epstein (1988) calls this the Start up phase, as it gets the ball rolling so to speak. Next, the wants require their own assessment, to determine what should to be done to meet them, how long it will take and who should be involved. The assessment process is a time to give order to the persons needs, generally up to three of them. It would be helpful to consider not only what changes need to be made, but also what might get in the way of these and what further changes could be done to make the initial changes affirmable. It would also be helpful to find out how individual problems relate to one another, if at all. If they are then able to tackle the main problem, others may follow suit accordingly with little/no labor on the social workers account. A useful strategy for social workers is to get their clients to firstly write down their problems and secondly assign them a chalk up ranging from no problem at all to highly serious. It is vital that needs are set out from the start and fully understood by both worker and client. Failure at this stage will lead to difficulties come the evaluation. When conducting an assessment on two or more people (such as two partners in a relationship) the worker would be conscious to look toward the Want Sheet for support (Masson and OByrne 1984). This gives detailed descriptions of different wants and can be used to help service users explain what they feel. So far, no approach has come up with a solution to this problem, making the task centred approach unique. The Want Sheet can be administered to couples/groups and this way can be used to compare different ideas. Through this stage alone, it is possible for a group to resolve any issues without any need for an intervention scheme. This is most unlike other approaches, which see the social worker as an agent coming in to help the needy, an approach not unlike the medical model of mental health.It is important when assessing individuals, not to mistake the clients as abnormal people just because their behaviour may suggest so, or because they appear difficult or un-cooperative. Doel and Marsh (1992) call this shooting the broody parrot for what they are doing is making false judgements based on observation, without getting down deep to the underlying issue.Before any interventions, it is important for any decisions to be met together, all other options have been considered, and the client is satisfied with how things are being dealt with. Once a decision is reached, there is still time for one final review. This is a useful step because at this late stage, it is still possible to change ones mind nothing is yet set in stone. If no changes need be made, the review is still advantageous as it helps to reduce any doubts or anxieties before progression.The task centred approach to assessment seems full proof. Reid (1978) commented that it holds particular value in situations whereby the service user is able to contribute to a moderate degree. It holds the advantage over other approaches because it considers not only the client, but their interactions with the outside world. They get a lovely hearing, and communication between them and the social worker is mutual, leading towards a more accurate evaluation. There have been arguments that giving too much perimeter can leave the worker vulnerable to misinformation. More so with children, there are cases where the client is not responsible or trustworthy enough to be given a shared role in the assessment.In conclusion, there are numerous positives and negatives of any approach to assessment. Every worker will have a preference on how they will deal with a situation however it need be emphasised that no two situations are alike. And so workers must be able to think on their feet if they are to become competent social workers. Those who are open minded will reap the most success, for the key lies indoors managing all the different approaches, integrating them into a whole. Care should still be taken, for within the approaches lie numerous contradictions. There will always be a degree of uncertainty, but what makes the difference between good and average work, is the assumption to give an opinion, whilst at the same time welcoming the views of others. In conclusion, why is the assessment process vital? Because it forms the foundation for understanding ones client, and gets the ball rolling when planning actions for change. It forms a record which can be referred to when evaluating said changes, and can also be used as evidence in court. What makes an effective assessment? One which investigates all relevant factors rather than stick to anything specific, which matches with individuals aims and goals, which is centred on the tasks at hand, which draws from multidisciplinary agencies, which forms a partnership between agent and client, and which is anti tyrannous or discriminatory. What barriers do workers face? They can be time consuming, workers are under pressure to get through their work load and may be unable to spend time getting to know their client, groups who are often the target of oppression may seem uncooperative and repelling to change, and all assessments are in some part vulnerable to bias.How can these be overcome? It is imperative that when conducting an assessment one shares thoughts and ideas with not only other workers, other agencies and welfare authorities, but also with the client themselves, frankincense spreading out the work load, and reducing the likelihood of any errors discharge unnoticed. Furthermore it helps to be self aware. This way one picks up on any fool hardy assumptions they may be making. One should not be afraid to challenge higher authorities and understand that personal values and the law will often conflict. And finally, every assessment should be instigated with care and precision, frequently asking why one has come to that conclusion and what other alternatives are there.ReferencesA hmad, A. Practice with Care, capital of the United Kingdom, Race Equality Unit/ home(a) Institute for Social Work, 1990Challis, D., Chessum. R., and Chesterman, J., Luckett, R. and Traske, K. Case Managementin Social and Health Care , Cantebury, face-to-face Social Services Research Unit, 1990.Department of Health. Protecting Children A melt down for Social Workers Undertaking a Comprehensive Assessment, capital of the United Kingdom, HSMO, 1988.Doel, M. and Marsh, P. Task Centred Social Work. London Ashgate, 1992.Epstein, L. Helping People The Task Centred Approach. Olumbus, OH Merrill, 1988Forder, A. Concepts in Social Administration a Framework for Analysis, London Routledge Kegan Paul, 1974.Hepworth and Dean, H. Direct Social Work Practice scheme and Skills, p. 179-205, London Thomson/Brooks Cole, 2006Jones, C. State Social Work and the Working Class, London , Macmillan, 1983Masson, H and OByrne, P. The Family Systems Approach A Help or a Hindrance, in Violence Against Child ren Study Group. Taking Child Abuse Seriously. London Unwin Hyman, 1990.Milner, J., OByrne, P. Assessment in Social Work Chap 7 Psychodynamic Approaches, Macmillan Press LTD, 1998Pincus, A. and Minahan, A. Social Work Practice Model and Method. Itasca, Il Peacock, 1973.Reid, W. J. The Task Centred System. New York capital of South Carolina University Press, 1978.Sheldon, B. Behaviour Modification, Theory, Practice and Philosophy. London Tavistock, 1982.Thoburn, J. Child Placement Principles and Practice, Aldershot, Wildwood House, 1988

Promoting The Health And Wellbeing Health And Social Care Essay

Promoting The Health And wellbeing Health And Social Cargon EssayGo for your intent strategic plan 2006-2010 aims to erect goodish mannerstyles, sanction sensible natural action and sizeable watch, and prevent continuing complaints, Physical in action at law and pitiful nutrition atomic repress 18 lifestyle factors that dissolve cause fleshiness which can convey to chronic diseases which lead to an addition burden on the community. Around the world, obesity has reached epiphytotic proportionalitys, with more than than one billion adults over weightiness and around 300 one million million of those adults clinically obese (go for your life, 2006) Go for your life is tackling the increasing rate of illness, obesity and chronic diseases by educating capital of Seychellesns on the benefits of good nutrition and somatic activity. This is through with(p) by creating a framework for action that includes activities for all passel, from different stages of life barb arianren, puppylike masses and their families, adults, seniors and members of high risk groups.Children in the early age hoary 0 to 5 and their families requisite to establish salubrious eating and somatogenetic activity conducts in the early years of a squirts life. As it is a very important step for preventing future nutrition and exertion related problems. As most eating and activity occurs with the family, it is crucial for parents to be able to depict for their childrens needs with an emphasis on health and wellbeing, get-go with breastfeeding. Early childhood settings offer substantive potential to improve the physical activity and healthy eating of young children in their look at.Maternal and child health workers can provide information to parents/carers to assist them with activities they can do with their children to promote health and wellbeing. Early childhood staff like child care workers, school and preschool teachers need to have the knowledge, confidence and skills to promote culturally and age-appropriate healthy eating and physical activity to children while in their care and, where likely, to their parents/carers to further promote a healthy lifestyle.Young people aged 5 to 18 and their families have a better understanding of physical activity and good eating habits of school-aged young people. Young Victorians aged quintette to 18 years spend a considerable amount of their metre in education, sport and recreational and primary care settings, teachers and family need to clay sculpture culturally and age appropriate healthy eating and physical activity habits to young people.Adults as parents, workers and members ofCommunities are urged to improve the eating and activity behavior of other adults by promoting diligent healthy lifestyles. senior(a) Victorians can protect themselves against a range of diseases, including some chronic diseases, by sustaining a healthy lifestyle that includes a range of physical activities and good nutrition. While recognising that Senior Victorians may have widely different lifestyles and experiences, older people can gain greater knowledge, confidence and skills in healthy eating and combat-ready living. Aged care workers and those that work/care for the elderly need to check that they have the knowledge and confidence to concord the elderly active agent and have a healthy diet.Certain groups in the community have a greater burden of disease and experience higher rates of poor nutrition, lack of physical activity, overweight and obesity and associated chronic diseases. These groups include people with a low socio-economic status, Indigenous Victorians, hands, people who have a disability, people from different cultures who have English as their second language. People who pop off in these groups need to be better educated to gain the skills to tilt their behavior in order to lead a healthy and active lifestyle and decrease their prevalence of developing a chroni c disease in the long run.Go for your life covers some(prenominal) areas under both main headings thinking(a) Eating and ready Living. Healthy eating comprises of dietetical advice, food and nutrients, nutrition and illness, what is a healthy weight? soundbox digit, weight management, food safety and healthy recipes. dynamic Living includes activity planetary information, locomote, active recreation, sports and activities, active transport, activity and illness, active living tips, places to go/things to do. These make out headings provide advice on how people can be active and lead a healthy lifestyle.Some initiatives developed as pct of Go for your life includeGo for your life Canteens Advisory ServiceThe Go for your life Canteens Advisory Service aims to aver schools with primary school-age children to provide and promote healthy food choices.Increase the consciousness and skills of canteen staff regarding the supplying of healthy food gos.Improve the employment from school councils and parents and friends associations to endorse and support healthy food choices in their schools and communities.Increase the accessibility of healthy foods offered in school food services.Link with and complement the Kids Go for your life service and other relevant components of the Healthy Active Victoria Strategy.Get Active ChallengeThe Get Active Challenge was a 10-hebdomad program targeting mens health and physical activity levels, based in Victorian workplaces. The program challenged men to boost their physical activity levels whether on their own, in a group, with friends or with their family.Why should men get active?Men are drastically more likely than women to be overweight or obese.Men are more likely than women to be diagnosed with diabetes.Men have an increased estimated incidence of coronary heart disease twice that of females.Men are less(prenominal) likely than women to self-report their health status as very good or excellent.Regular physica l activity is associated with the decline in the incidence of many serious illnesses such as cardiovascular and coronary heart disease, obesity, font 2 diabetes, osteoporosis and some cancers.Active ConnectionsThe Active Connections Program aims to conduct barriers to participation in physical activity in culturally and linguistically several(a) communities. Three pilot strays are being undertaken over 2 years.Netball Victoria are running(a) with local sport and recreation clubs, associations and facilities in Dandenong and Warrnambool to provide cultural awareness training, run the Net Set Go immature netball program and a series of come and try days. The target groups for the disgorge are young African refugees and their families and the project has seen the establishment of Sudanese netball teams participating in local competitions.Royal Victorian Bowls Association an 8-10 week introductory program to lawn roll with 20-40 English language students of various nationalitie s attendance each program from Adult Migrant Education Services (AMES) campuses in Footscray, Werribee, Noble Park and Dandenong. The program provide provide an introduction to Australian sport and culture (including the role of clubs in delivering sport) through both working and theoretical education. This model will be demonstrated to the 500+ lawn bowls clubs in Victoria and supported by the development of educational and promotional materials to attract CALD people to engage in lawn bowls.Centre for Multicultural youth Issues (CMY) based in Ballarat, the CHAMP project intend to address barriers and increase participation rates and social inclusion for newly arrived communities in the central Highlands Region, with a special focus on refugee youth and their families. CMY are working with local sport and recreation clubs, associations and facilities providing cultural awareness training and economic aid with strategies and policies. CMY will also facilitate activities to br ing sports organisations and newly arrived refugee and migrant communities together.Active PlacesThe Active Places program aims to promote the benefits of leading a healthy and active lifestyle. The Go for your life Active Places program seeks to offer increased opportunities, awareness and capability for physical activity among marginalised and socially disadvantaged communities. The program will maintain community and organisational capacity building through community-based projects within community of interests Renewal, Neighbourhood Renewal or Community Building Initiative sites.Go for your life Ride2School ProgramThe Go for your life Ride2School Program aims to increase the number of children riding to and from school and targets primary and alternate schools crossways the State. In 2006 the proportion of students who walked or rode was closer to only 20 per cent. As a result, the governing body is funding a plan to get children and teenagers riding and walking more often un der the Go for your life initiative. A key part of the plan is to expand Bicycle Victorias Ride2School Program to more primary and secondary schools across the state. Ride2School works with schools to help them extend their own Ride2School activities and support to encourage more students to ride and walk more often. Ride2School also coordinates activity challenges across the state to encourage students to cycle and walk more oftenGo for your life Walk unitedly GrantsThe Go for your life Walk Together Grants was a one-off funding program that was developed to establish and uphold sustainable walking groups in Victoria. Partnerships for projects aiming disadvantaged communities and other groups with low physical activity.Healthy and Active ChoicesThe Healthy and Active Choices pilot project aims to emphasize the messages of healthy eating, physical activity and healthy lifestyle by making possible the provision and uptake of healthy food choices at regional sports facilities. desegr egation of walking and cyclingSport and Recreation Victoria are collaborating with political relation departments and agencies as well as non-government organisation and peak bodies to expand an compound approach to walking and cycling across Victoria. The project has identified the need for a longer term vision for investment in walking and cycling and a strategy is currently being developed.Its Your MoveThe project promotes teenagers to take ownership, control and suggest the best ways forward to address healthy eating, healthy bodies and physical activity. The teenagers are working in collaborationism with a variety of levels with government and the local community to look at and create new view to make healthier choices easier choices. The teenagers will keep a record of their eating and physical activity habits around the measure for the project, part of the Victorian Governments Go for your life strategy. (go for your life 2010)The whole-of-community project aims to reduce intake of sugary drinks and promote water consumption.Increase the proportion of young people eating breakfast.Increase fruit and vegetable consumption.Increase the good health of school food.Increase active transport to and from school.Increase par victorious in unionized sports and other active recreation.Create an acceptance of different healthy body sizes/shapes.The Government recognises that the entire community needs to be engaged in addressing this issue. Thats why Go for your life is working mutually with community groups, industry, organisations, schools, pedigree and research institutions. Raising awareness about the signification of healthy eating, physical activity and healthy weight is a key element of Go for your life. The Go for your life communications activities provide Victorians with knowledge about the significance of healthy eating and physical activity, to support people to make unconditional lifestyle changes. Through Go for your life, the Government has made a significant investment in encouraging healthy eating and physical activity and endorsing healthy weight. From kitchen gardens in schools to supporting a healthy body image in teenagers, from diabetes prevention programs to programs designed to keep seniors healthy and active, Go for your life is engaging people and communities across Victoria in the challenge of taking on healthier lifestyles and avert chronic diseases.